Cognitive, motor, and visual development in healthy children in the first 42 months of life / Desenvolvimento cognitivo, motor e visual em crianças saudáveis nos primeiros 42 meses de vida

ABSTRACT Purpose: The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III) is a tool for measuring the developmental status of children, including cognitive and motor functioning, in the first three years of life. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between grating visual acuity and visual functionality in healthy children using the Bayley-III. Methods: Binocular grating visual acuity was measured using Teller Acuity Cards followed by the Bayley-III in healthy children aged 1-42 months. Visual acuity (logMAR) and Bayley-III scores for both cognitive and motor (gross and fine) skills were compared. Results: Forty children (20 boys) aged 1.2-42.1 months were tested. Their mean visual acuity was 0.39 ± 0.27 logMAR, which was within the normal age limits for all children. There was a strong and significant negative correlation between visual acuity and age (r=-0.83, p<0.001). The mean cognitive raw data score was 49.92 ± 18.93 points, with a strong and significant positive correlation between cognitive score and age (r=0.81, p<0.001). The mean gross motor score was 41.72 ± 16.23 points, with a strong and significant positive correlation between gross motor score and age (r=0.75, p<0.001). The mean fine motor score was 39.75 ± 14.63 points, with a strong and significant positive correlation between fine motor score and age (r=0.77, p<0.001). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that older age and better visual acuity were significantly associated with higher Bayley-III scores. Conclusions: This study found a high correlation between grating visual acuity measured using Teller Acuity Cards and cognitive and motor scores measured using the Bayley-III in healthy children, demonstrating that the Bayley-III might be a useful tool for assessing the repercussions of visual impairment on the cognitive and motor development of young children.

RESUMO Objetivo: A Escala Bayley de Desenvolvimento Infantil (Bayley-III) é uma ferramenta que avalia o desenvolvimento de crianças nos 3 primeiros anos de vida, incluindo os domínios cognitivo e motor. Este estudo tem como objetivo correlacionar a acuidade visual de grades e a funcionalidade visual em crianças saudáveis usando a Bayley-III. Métodos: A acuidade visual binocular de grades foi medida usando o teste dos Cartões de Acuidade de Teller seguido pela Bayley-III em crianças saudáveis com idade entre 1-42 meses. Os escores da acuidade visual (logMAR) e da Bayley-III para habilidades cognitivas e motoras (grossa e fina) foram comparados. Resultados: Um grupo de 40 crianças (20 meninos) com idades entre 1,2-42,1 meses foi testado e a média da acuidade visual foi de 0,39 ± 0,27 logMAR, sendo que todas estavam dentro dos limites normais para a idade. Houve uma forte correlação negativa e significante entre acuidade visual e idade (r=-0,83; p<0,001). A média do escore cognitivo foi de 49,92 ± 18,93 pontos, com forte correlação positiva e significante entre o escore cognitivo e a idade (r=0,81; p<0,001). A média do escore motor grosso foi de 41,72 ± 16,23 pontos, com forte correlação positiva e significante entre o escore motor grosso e a idade (r=0,75; p<0,001). A média do escore motor fino foi de 39,75 ± 14,63 pontos, com uma forte correlação positiva e significante entre o escore motor fino e a idade (r=0,77; p<0,001). A regressão linear múltipla mostrou que maior idade e melhor acuidade visual foram significantemente associadas à escores cognitivo e motor mais altos. Conclusões: Neste estudo foi encontrada alta correlação entre a acuidade visual de grades medida pelos cartões de acuidade de Teller e os escores cogninitivo e motor medidos pela Bayley-III em crianças saudáveis. A Bayley-III pode ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a repercussão da deficiência visual no desenvolvimento cognitivo e motor de crianças.

Cognitive, motor, and visual development in healthy children in the first 42 months of life.

PURPOSE: The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III) is a tool for measuring the developmental status of children, including cognitive and motor functioning, in the first three years of life. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between grating visual acuity and visual functionality in healthy children using the Bayley-III. METHODS: Binocular grating visual acuity was measured using Teller Acuity Cards followed by the Bayley-III in healthy children aged 1-42 months. Visual acuity (logMAR) and Bayley-III scores for both cognitive and motor (gross and fine) skills were compared. RESULTS: Forty children (20 boys) aged 1.2-42.1 months were tested. Their mean visual acuity was 0.39 ± 0.27 logMAR, which was within the normal age limits for all children. There was a strong and significant negative correlation between visual acuity and age (r=-0.83, p<0.001). The mean cognitive raw data score was 49.92 ± 18.93 points, with a strong and significant positive correlation between cognitive score and age (r=0.81, p<0.001). The mean gross motor score was 41.72 ± 16.23 points, with a strong and significant positive correlation between gross motor score and age (r=0.75, p<0.001). The mean fine motor score was 39.75 ± 14.63 points, with a strong and significant positive correlation between fine motor score and age (r=0.77, p<0.001). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that older age and better visual acuity were significantly associated with higher Bayley-III scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a high correlation between grating visual acuity measured using Teller Acuity Cards and cognitive and motor scores measured using the Bayley-III in healthy children, demonstrating that the Bayley-III might be a useful tool for assessing the repercussions of visual impairment on the cognitive and motor development of young children.

Influence of head posture on the visual acuity of children with nystagmus.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the relationship between the postural alignment of the head and possible interference in the view of children. METHODS: We evaluated 11 children between 2 and 7 years of age of both sexes, with the visually impaired, who had nystagmus and head lock position. The test Lea Grating Acuity Test® was used to collect measurements of visual acuity. This applied on two occasions: with and without postural alignment of the head. For reliability of the postural alignment of the head, the slopes were measured by Fisiologic® software. RESULTS: The children had a poorer performance after physiological postural alignment. This poor performance is possible due to loss of position lock nystagmus to gain postural alignment, said to be ideal. Postural compensations were observed, and sharply increased eyestrain. CONCLUSION: The pursuit of traditional postural alignment affect the visual response of children with visual impairments.

Influence of head posture on the visual acuity of children with nystagmus / Influência da postura da cabeça na acuidade visual de crianças com nistagmo

Purpose: Evaluate the relationship between the postural alignment of the head and possible interference in the view of children. Methods: We evaluated 11 children between 2 and 7 years of age of both sexes, with the visually impaired, who had nystagmus and head lock position. The test Lea Grating Acuity Test® was used to collect measurements of visual acuity. This applied on two occasions: with and without postural alignment of the head. For reliability of the postural alignment of the head, the slopes were measured by Fisiologic® software. Results: The children had a poorer performance after physiological postural alignment. This poor performance is possible due to loss of position lock nystagmus to gain postural alignment, said to be ideal. Postural compensations were observed, and sharply increased eyestrain. Conclusion: The pursuit of traditional postural alignment affect the visual response of children with visual impairments. .

Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o alinhamento postural da cabeça e a possível interferência na visão de crianças. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 11 crianças, entre 2 e 7 anos de idade de ambos os sexos, com o diagnóstico de deficiência visual, que apresentavam nistagmo e posição de bloqueio de cabeça. O teste Lea Grating Acuity Test® foi utilizado para coletar medidas de acuidade visual. Este aplicado em dois momentos: sem e com o alinhamento postural da cabeça. Para confiabilidade do alinhamento postural da cabeça, as inclinações foram medidas pelo software Fisiologic®. Resultados: As crianças apresentaram pior desempenho após o alinhamento postural fisiológico. Este pior desempenho é possível devido à perda da posição de bloqueio do nistagmo para ganho do alinhamento postural, dito como ideal. Foram observadas compensações posturais e maior esforço visual. Conclusão: A busca do alinhamento postural tradicional prejudica a resposta visual de criança com deficiência visual. .